Malignant hypertension is usually defined as very high blood pressure with swelling of the optic nerve behind the eye, called papilledema (grade IV Keith-Wagner hypertensive retinopathy). This type of hypertension is more common in people with kidney problems such as narrowed kidney blood vessels. The lower (diastolic) blood pressure reading, which is normally around 80 mmHg, is often above 130 mmHg.
Malignant hypertension is usually accompanied by other organ damage like heart failure, kidney failure, and hypertensive encephalopathy. The disorder affects about 1% of people with high blood pressure, including both children and adults. It is more common in younger adults, especially African American men. It also occurs in women with toxemia of pregnancytoxemia of pregnancy, and persons with kidney disorders or collagen vascular disordersvascular disorders. Like high blood pressure in general, the exact cause of malignant hypertension is not completely understood.
The kidneys are especially sensitive to increases in blood pressure and permanent kidney damage is a common complication of untreated malignant hypertension. You are at high risk for malignant hypertension if you have had kidney failure or renal hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis. Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency. Many body systems are in serious risk due to the extreme elevation of blood pressure.
Malignant Hypertension fact:
- Alternative Names: Accelerated hypertension; Arteriolar nephrosclerosis; Nephrosclerosis – arteriolar; Hypertension – malignant
- Younger patients are at higher risk than older patients, which is the opposite of the risk profile for essential hypertension
- Those of African heritage are at higher risk
- Anyone with a history of kidney failure or a disease called renal artery stenosis (narrowing of arteries in the kidney) has a greatly increased risk
- Pregnant women with gestational hypertension, or women experiencing certain pregnancy related complications (toxemia of pregnancy) appear to have an increased risk
Malignant Hypertension Symptoms Include:
- Blurry vision
- Chest pain
- Seizure
- Decreased urine output
- Weakness or strange tingling/numbness in the arms, legs, or face
- Headache
- Shortness of breath
Multiple organs of the body, including the brain, eyes, blood vessels, heart, and kidneys may sustain damage. The blood vessels of the kidney are highly susceptible to damage caused by pressure, and kidney failure may develop, which may be permanent. You willneed to stay in the hospital until the severe high blood pressure is under control. Medications will be given through a vein to reduce your blood pressure. Depending on how serious the problem is in a particular patient, admission to the Intensive Care Unit(ICU) may be required. If there is fluid in your lungs, you will be given medicines called diuretics, which help the body remove fluid. Your doctor will consider giving you medications to protect the heart if there is evidence of heart damage.?
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